however, refractory chemical or physical insults and genetic predisposition also contribute
Relevant to the mechanism of PKC downregulation by antidepressants and valproate (see below), acute lithium use mimics the effect of phorbol esters with resultant activation of PKC (energizing immediate early genes such as c-fos), while chronic lithium use attenuates the phorbol ester action on PKC, down-regulating the enzyme (Manji and Lenox, 1994)
Antioxid Redox Signal (2018) 28:35870
Broad gene expression studies show it acts as an "on/off switch" that inhibits inflammation while promoting cell-extracellular matrix interactions
In some patients, menopause treatment may cause side effects, such as bleeding, bloating, breast tenderness or enlargement, headaches, mood changes, and nausea