At lower concentrations (Low Doses) (5 10 7 5 10 10 M) (Orlov et al., 2021), activation of signaling cascades is observed (Paula et al., 2005
J Nutr Biochem 23(6):557566 da Regueira-Neto S, Tintino M, Roln SR, Coronal M, Vega C, de Queiroz Balbino MC, de Melo Coutinho V (2018) Antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial and cytotoxic activities of Brazilian red propolis and plant resin of dalbergia Ecastaphyllum (L) Taub
Gilbert MP, Marre M, Holst JJ, Garber A, Baeres FM, Thomsen H, et al
The ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway plays a crucial role in cellular proliferation, migration, and survival
A pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) analysis of the antioxidants used in these trials suggests that many inconclusive results may reflect pharmacokinetic limitations rather than true pharmacodynamic inefficacy