Besides mitochondria, several other cellular organelles likely endoplasmic reticulum (ER), peroxisomes, plasma membrane, cytosol and nucleus with high oxygen consumption serve as endogenous sources to form ROS
Nat Neurosci 9:108118 Turner BJ, Atkin JD, Farg MA et al (2005) Impaired extracellular secretion of mutant superoxide dismutase 1 associates with neurotoxicity in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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In states of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, NNMT is often overexpressed in adipose tissue, depleting nicotinamide and reducing NAD+ availability
On the other hand, the emerging proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology, which was introduced by Crews and Deshaies in 2001 via disrupting the endogenous ubiquitin (Ub)-E2 ligase-E3 ligase complex [174], which is widely applicable for degrading abnormal protein targets including epigenetic proteins, may show promise in the treatment of epilepsy