Research shows thymosin alpha-1 increases beneficial cytokines like IL-2 and IL-10 while suppressing excessive production of pro-inflammatory markers like IL-6 and TNF-alpha
possibly because participants in the study were already on a cholesterol-lowering diet
In vitro, TNF and IFNs can block collagen synthesis and extracellular matrix formation and thus inhibit the formation of capillary-like structures [281, 282]
[4] Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, feeling faint, a smooth red tongue, pale skin, chest pain, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, heartburn, numbness in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, memory loss, muscle weakness, poor reflexes, blurred vision, clumsiness, depression, and confusion
Theoretical concerns exist for individuals with active cancer due to angiogenic properties, though research hasn't identified increased cancer risk