In a rat model of chronic pneumoconiosis induced by intratracheal injection of quartz powder, catalpol promotes mitochondrial biogenesis through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1)/nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and Transcription Factor A (TFAM) pathways, enhancing mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle, reducing muscle atrophy, and improving exercise capacity (Yu et al., 2022
This drug has demonstrated pro-senescence effects in various cancer types, including breast cancer, melanoma [82], gastric cancer [83, 84], glioma [85], and liposarcoma [86]
The copper ion is what gives the peptide its biological activity: it binds to TGF-beta receptors on fibroblasts, upregulates metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs), and directly stimulates collagen gene expression
Fumarate and succinate regulate expression of hypoxia-inducible genes via TET enzymes
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