In ovariectomized mice (an animal model for menopause), estrogen replacement increased GLP-1 secretion from both intestinal L-cells and pancreatic alpha-cells
doi:10.1053/jvet.2003.50058 Kang YA, Choi HR, Na JI, et al
doi:10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00055-3 [10] Stough C, Simpson T, Lomas J, et al
The intranasal administration of peptides for treating a disorders originating in the brain is not a novel concept, but only the vasopressin analog desmopressin has been used clinically by this route for several decades to treat diabetes insipidus (Kastin and Pan, 2006)
Heres a closer look at the products ingredient list: Niacin (as Niacinamide): 100mg NE Vitamin B6 (as Pyridoxal-5-Phosphate): 20mg Folate (as L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate calcium salt): 200mcg DFE Vitamin B12 (as methylcobalamin): 500mcg Cognizin citicoline: 500mg Acetyl-L-Carnitine HCl: 500mg L-Tyrosine: 500mg 300mg Rhodiola rosea (root) Extract (standardized to 3% rosavins, 1% salidrosides): Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA): 250mg Saffron ( 30mg Crocus sativus ) [Flower] Extract: Pyrroloquinoline Quinone (as PQQ Disodium Salt): 10mg Lithium (from lithium orotate): 400mcg In some cases, we find doses that align well with numerous studies into potential cognitive benefits