2.2 Neurotoxic mechanisms METH induces neurotoxicity via a combination of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation
HT+GSH significantly increased P 0 (2.174 mol CO 2 m 2 s 1 ), P max (19.20 mol CO 2 m 2 s 1 ) and (0.0556) compared to the HT treatment
Mant CT, Chen Y, Yan Z, Popa TV, Kovacs JM, Mills JB, et al
GSH is one of the body's principal antioxidant defense molecules, playing a crucial role in the detoxification of cytotoxic compounds and reactive oxygen species.10 Intracellular GSH concentrations differ among tissues, typically ranging from 1 to 10 mM, with the highest levels observed in the liver.11 Experimental supplementation of GSH in animal models has been shown to reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, lower plasma AST and ALT activities, and protect against microvascular reperfusion injury.12 Melatonin (Mel) is a hormone primarily secreted by the pineal gland, but it is also synthesized in various tissues, including the ovaries, retina, lens, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract.13 In the retina and gastrointestinal system, it plays roles in visual adaptation and oxidative protection, respectively
doi: 10.1017/S0007114513002560 91 WintherGJrgensenBMPElfvingBNielsenDSKihlPLundSet al
