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It protects against oxidative damage and reduces overall inflammation

This reduction in NAD decreases ATP production and leads to defects in DNA repair, as NAD is essential for PARP-1 activity, which increases the accumulation of genetic damage and potentially contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases (198, 208)

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However, because these observations rely solely on immunohistochemistry, they indicate potential involvement rather than providing definitive mechanistic evidence, and molecular validation is required to confirm these pathways

9 , e200018 (2022)