Most B12 injections deliver a high dose typically 1,000 mcg of cyanocobalamin or hydroxocobalamin directly into muscle tissue
Use raw HR for this calculation, not placebo-subtracted (placebo arm shows real cardiovascular adaptation from weight loss + lifestyle counseling, so subtraction over-corrects for drug-attributable cost)
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Neither compound has FDA approval or a completed human efficacy trial, so any comparison should be read as mechanism-to-mechanism, not outcome-to-outcome
It highlights the peptide's ability to promote angiogenesis and its cytoprotective properties, which contribute to its effectiveness in repairing various types of wounds, including those in the gastrointestinal tract, skin, and tendons