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Conditions linked to oxidative stress (low glutathione levels) include neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsons and Alzheimers

Experimental varicocele induces hypoxia inducible factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and angiogenesis in the rat testis

Supports circadian rhythm, neuroendocrine function, sleep-wake cycles, systemic aging processes

This work was supported by Basic Scientific Research Fund of Education Department of Liaoning Province, China (LJ212410161100 to Z-LL), Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, China (2022-MS-326 to Z-LL), and Dalian Medical University's "Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine " Open Fund Project (ZXY2025JC04 to Z-LL)

The data to support their use is mixed and the purported mechanism of action unclear