Beyond direct antioxidant activity, glutathione functions through several enzymatic systems central to detoxification and redox control, including glutathione-S-transferases for conjugation reactions, glyoxylases, glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins for peroxide reduction, and glutaredoxins for thiol-disulfide exchange
Progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) necessitates renal replacement therapy, such as dialysis or kidney transplantation, which imposes a significant financial burden on patients and healthcare systems (Lv and Zhang, 2019)
using specialized proteins
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High levels of B12 are a warning sign: While low serum cobalamin levels do not necessarily imply deficiency, an abnormally high serum cobalamin level forms a warning sign requiring exclusion of a number of serious underlying pathologies