Exosomes carry diverse DAMPs such as HMGB1, ATP, exRNA, cfDNA, and HSPs, which play crucial roles in intercellular communication [41,42,43]
Furthermore, enhanced glutamine metabolism has been shown to significantly increase -KG production, which, in turn, activates the mTOR1 signaling pathway and further inhibits the autophagy-promoting kinase (APCK) of the ULK1 complex by mediating site-specific phosphorylation of ULK1 (Ser637 and Ser757) and Atg13 (Ser258) activity, thereby promoting cancer cell proliferation [27]
The potential mechanisms of action for baicalin may involve antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammation, which can reduce A1 astrocytes
P.TjamosE
Lauded for its potential as a tumor suppressor, p53 appears to primarily function to halt the division of cells that have undergone DNA damage