Similarly, liraglutide and semaglutide were approved in the United States as anti-obesity medications in 2014 and 2021, respectively
Previous experiments have found that exendin-4 could reduce the pain-induced neuro-inflammatory response through the GLP-1R pathway, thereby promoting the recovery of cognitive function in mice (100)
[12] The GLP-patches on the market today are technically supplements and are therefore not subject to FDA approval
Specifically, ER upregulates nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), which in turn stimulates the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators, including mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and multiple subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC)
This could translate to better adherence, improved glycemic control, and greater patient satisfaction