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The release of Cytc from the damaged mitochondria causes oligomerization of Apaf-1, activation of caspase-9, and subsequent conversion of procaspase 3 to caspase-3, which is responsible for many of the apparent symptoms of apoptosis (133,134)

[PMC free article: PMC4598654] [PubMed: 26321659] 114

& Jakobsson, P

For topical research applications, GHK-Cu can be formulated at 0.011% in an aqueous vehicle

As can be seen from the comparison between the example 1 and the comparative example 4, the mixed system of acetonitrile and water is adopted in the example 1 to dissolve the raw materials of N, N-diisopropylethylamine and Arg34GLP-1 (9-37), and meanwhile, the pH is adjusted to 4-6 by acid in the post-treatment, namely, the isoelectric point precipitation is adopted, the purity of the obtained compound 2 is as high as 90% or more, the purity is improved by at least 10% compared with the purity of the compound 4, the complex procedures of removing the organic solvent by rotary evaporation, performing freeze-drying and the like in the prior art are omitted, and the cost can be greatly reduced