The use of narratives or personal testimonials that depict the images and experiences of real people has been associated with increased emotional impact of warnings.98 For example, a study conducted in Mexican adults and youth found that adding names and ages of the individuals portrayed in health warnings increased the perceived effectiveness of warnings.97 Research also suggests that factual or scientific information can enhance emotionally vivid warnings to maximise message acceptance, particularly when it is written in a clear, direct manner.59 67 99 These findings underscore the importance of credibility or believability with regards to message acceptance: warnings that appear to be staged or fake undermine a message and lead to message rejection.99 Evidence on the impact of positive health warning messages is mixed
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