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Whenever someone started smoking within a range of 10 m during the measurement, we recorded their time of starting smoking, distance, and relative location to the equipment, relative wind direction, and type of tobacco product used (i.e

Table S1) [14, 15, 1724, 3842]

Still, measuring compounds in raw tobacco is frequent, and studies measuring nicotine and nitrosamine using similar techniques have found comparable concentration levels [5, 45]

These hotspots may highlight areas where cigarette littering is both recurrent and spatially clustered, signaling environments in which local management and behavioral interventions are most urgently needed

Nicotine products such as e-cigarettes were not taxed in Colorado as of 2020