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Interestingly, cigarette smoke exposure depleted beneficial gut microbiota, including Bifidobacterium longum , and impaired SCFA production, particularly butyrate

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Smoking can accelerate this process even more

doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1502341 Received 26 September 2024 Accepted 13 February 2025 Published 04 March 2025 Volume 13 - 2025 Edited by Hekai Shi, Fudan University, China Reviewed by Yanfeng Gong, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China Erkan Oktay, Atatrk University, Trkiye Updates Copyright 2025 Cui, Jiao, Wang and Zhang

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