Long-Term Impact on the SleepWake System Nicotine exposure over years can desensitize key receptors in the brain responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm - the natural 24-hour sleepwake cycle
Conversely, among farmers who had previously smoked, this tolerance had decreased due to cessation of smoking
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For instance, damaged epithelial cells secrete repair molecules, including growth factors such as EGF, PDGF, endothelin, FGF2, TGF-, and cytokines such as TGF- which stimulate lung myofibroblasts under the epithelial layer in the lamina reticularis to migrate, proliferate, differentiate, and alter matrix production, particularly fibronectin and collagens type I and III [9]