Escher Fund is also communicating with other researchers in an attempt to persuade them to examine F0 smoking as a variable in their autism cohorts, including: Australia Autism Biobank MSSNG (University of Toronto, Autism Speaks) Kaiser Autism Family Genetics Study (Kaiser) Korean Autism Cohort study (UCSF) African American autism cohort (UCLA) CHARGE study (UC Davis) Some observations from my interviews with autism families Based on my many interviews with autism families in which at least one biological grandmother had smoked heavily during pregnancy, I'd like to offer some preliminary observations: --The families had no prior history of autism --ASD cases where grandmother was a heavy smoker tend to be severe and nonverbal--perhaps there is a dose-response effect --The ASD is usually sporadic among siblings, but often siblings have other pathologies such as ADHD or learning disabilities --Sometimes F2 cousins descended from the same F0 grandmother who smoked have ASD --The grandfather was often a smoker too, meaning second-hand smoke could be a factor --There seem to be more multiplex F2 ASD children in African American families where a grandmother had smoked --Where F0 paternal grandmother had smoked, F1 father had smoked, and F1 father was of an older age, the risk for ASD in the F2 offspring seems to be markedly higher I hope more and more autism research can focus on this question of germline exposure to cigarette smoke, rather than continuing down the path of "genetics in a vacuum." My hunch, after conducting about 200 autism family interviews and reviewing many studies probing germline toxicity of cigarette smoke, is that heavy maternal smoking of the 1950s-70s could be the single greatest contributor to the heritably-driven surge in idiopathic abnormal neurodevelopment we see today.
Additional baseline characteristics are provided in Table S1 in the Supplementary Appendix
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